The calculation of sample size, n, and critical distance, k, depends on the number of specification limits given and whether standard deviation is known.
The sample size is given by:
The critical distance is given by:
where:
Term | Description |
---|---|
Z1 | the (1 – p1) * 100 percentile of the standard normal distribution |
p1 | the Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) |
Z2 | the (1 – p2) * 100 percentile of the standard normal distribution |
p2 | the Rejectable Quality Level (RQL) |
Zα | the (1 – α) * 100 percentile of the standard normal distribution |
α | the producer's risk |
Zβ | the (1 – β ) * 100 percentile of the standard normal distribution |
β | the consumer's risk |
Notation is the same as for the section for a single specification limit and a known standard deviation. The sample size is given by:
The critical distance is given by:
Notation not defined below is the same as for the case for a single specification limit and a known standard deviation. First Minitab calculates z:
Then Minitab finds p* from the standard normal distribution as the upper tail area corresponding to z. This is the minimum probability of defective outside one of the specification limits.
The method that Minitab uses for the calculation of the sample size and the critical distance depends on this value of p*.
Let p1 = AQL, p2 = RQL
Let
μ = μ0+ m * h, where h = σ/100
Let m = 1, 2, ...300. For each μ calculate:
where Φ is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. If Prob (X<L) + Prob (X>U) is extremely close to p1, then Minitab uses the larger value between Prob (X<L) and Prob (X>U) to find sample size and accept number.
Suppose Prob (X<L) is the larger value, let pL = Prob (X<L).
The sample size is given by:
The critical distance is given by:
where:
ZpL = the (1 – pL) * 100 percentile of the standard normal distribution.
If we already use all the m values but the corresponding probabilities do not contain p1, then p1 is too large, which means that the mean of the measurements is far away from the midpoint of the interval [L, U]. In this case, we can use a method for a single specification limit and ZpL = Z1. Z1 has the same definition as for the single specification limit case.
Term | Description |
---|---|
L | the lower specification limit |
U | the upper specification limit |
σ | the known standard deviation |
If n ≤ 2, The Maximum Standard Deviation (MSD) is incalculable.
Notation is the same as for the previous sections. The following procedure can be found in Schilling's book.2
First Minitab lets the critical distance be the value as given in the case of two separate single-limit plans:
Then Minitab finds the upper tail area from the standard normal distribution, p*, corresponding to the k as the percentile; and the percentile Zp** from the standard normal distribution corresponding to upper tail area of p* / 2.
The maximum standard deviation (MSD) is given by:
The estimated standard deviation is given by:
Minitab tests whether the estimated standard deviation, s, is less than or equal to the MSD.
If the estimated standard deviation, s, is less than or equal to the MSD, then the sample size is given by:
If the estimated standard deviation, s, is not less than or equal to the MSD, then the standard deviation is too large to be consistent with acceptance criteria and you must reject the lot.
Term | Description |
---|---|
Xi | the ith measurement |
![]() | the mean of actual measurements |
Let p be the probability of defective which is the x value of a point on an OC curve.
First Minitab calculates z
Then finds p* from the standard normal distribution as the upper tail area corresponding to z. This is the minimum probability of defective outside one of the specification limits.
The method Minitab uses for the probability of acceptance depends on this value of p*.
Let p1 = AQL, p2 = RQL
For any given p, Minitab finds the mean, μ, of the measurements using a grid search algorithm. Then,
When you have both upper and lower specification limits, but do not know the standard deviation, Minitab uses the OC curve for the single-limit plan to approximate the double specification limits case. The OC curve derived for a single-limit plan with specified p1, p2, α, and β is the lower limit of the band of OC curves for a two-sided specification plan with the same p1, p2, α, and β and for most practical cases can be taken as the OC curve for the two-sided plan. See Duncan1.
Term | Description |
---|---|
n | sample size |
k | critical distance |
σ | known standard deviation |
Zp | the (1 - p)th percentile from the standard normal distribution |
Φ | the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution |
T |
is non-central t distributed with degrees of freedom = n – 1, and the non central parameter, |
L | lower specification limit |
U | upper specification limit |
The probability of rejecting (Pr) describes the chance of rejecting a particular lot based on a specific sampling plan and incoming proportion defective. It is simply 1 minus the probability of acceptance.
Pr = 1 – Pa
where:
Pa = probability of acceptance
The average outgoing quality represents the quality level of the product after inspection. The average outgoing quality varies as the incoming fraction defective varies.
Term | Description |
---|---|
Pa | probability of acceptance |
p | incoming fraction defective |
N | lot size |
n | sample size |
The average total inspection represents the average number of units that will be inspected for a particular incoming quality level and probability of acceptance.
Term | Description |
---|---|
Pa | probability of acceptance |
N | lot size |
n | sample size |
The acceptance region is calculated only when both specifications are given and the standard deviation is unknown. Go to the section on sample size and critical distance to find definitions for n and k, respectively, and to see the notation for the equations..
On the acceptance region plot, the x-axis is the sample mean and the y-axis is the sample standard deviation. The acceptance region is formed by 3 functions of the sample standard deviation and the sample mean in addition to the Maximum Standard Deviation (MSD). For any values of the sample mean where the values of the sample standard deviation exceeds the MSD, the upper bound of the acceptance region is the MSD.
For cases that are near the upper or lower specification limits, the acceptance region is bounded by these two functions:
The following calculations are for the case when the analysis has both specifications but the standard deviation is unknown. The procedure can be found in Schilling's book.2
The dashed line and the x-axis form a more accurate region. Use the following steps to form the dashed line.
where h takes the values 1 to 00.
Term | Description |
---|---|
L | lower specification limit |
U | upper specification limit |
k | critical distance |
Zp01 | the (1 - p01)* 100 percentile from the standard normal distribution |
Zp02 | the (1 - p02)* 100 percentile from the standard normal distribution |
p01 | (p* / 100) * h |
p02 | (p* / 100) * (100 – h) |